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The Mughal empire had developed relationships with Europeans such as British, Portuguese, Russia, and France. Mughal relations with the British in the 16th century were quite difficult, as local Mughal officials usually exploited the East India Company, who responded the Mughal's harmful policies towards the British interest with harassing the Mughal vessels at the sea. [8]
The Portuguese governor António de Noronha then signed a treaty with Akbar, officially establishing bilateral relations between Portugal and the Moghal Empire. [1] Hostilities usually broke out because of diplomatic blunders, Portuguese support of the Maratha Empire [citation needed] or steadfast Portuguese rejection of Mughal demands for tribute.
Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign. [139] Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush was the empire's western frontier for several decades until Shah Jahan 's expedition into Badakhshan in 1646.
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.
Emperor Akbar rewarded Jani Beg by elevating him to a higher military rank. After Jani Beg's death in 1600, his son, Ghazi Beg, assumed leadership. Under Mughal administration, Sindh was reorganized into a province divided into several districts. Thatta remained under the governance of various Mughal-appointed officials until 1737. [4] [6]
Akbar on a hunt Mughal Emperor Akbar crossing the river at night. The third volume, called the Ā’īn-i-Akbarī, describes the administrative system of the Empire as well as containing the famous "Account of the Hindu Sciences". It also deals with Akbar's household, army, the revenues and the geography of the empire.
He sent an army to lay siege to Kandahar, a vital southern Afghan city held by Shah Muhammad, a governor appointed by the Mughal regent Bairam Khan. With no way to offer military assistance, Akbar was compelled to surrender Kandahar to the Persians. The Persians held the city on and off for almost four decades before the Mughals recovered it.
Various contemporary commentators estimated Mughal casualties being up to 30,000 men slain with most agreeing on a figure of around 20,000 and with Axworthy giving an estimate of roughly 10,000 Mughal soldiers killed. Nader himself claimed that his army slew 20,000. [105] The number of Mughal officers slain amounted to a staggering 400. [106]