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Equipotential bonding involves electrically connecting metalwork so that it is at the same voltage everywhere. Exact rules for electrical installations vary by country, locality, or supplying power company. [2] Equipotential bonding is done from where the distribution wiring enters the building to incoming water and gas services.
"T" — Earth connection is by a local direct connection to earth (Latin: terra), usually via a ground rod. "N" — the earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply network, either separately to the neutral conductor (TN-S), combined with the neutral conductor (TN-C), or both (TN-C-S). These are discussed below.
In an electrical substation a ground (earth) mat is a mesh of conductive material installed at places where a person would stand to operate a switch or other apparatus; it is bonded to the local supporting metal structure and to the handle of the switchgear, so that the operator will not be exposed to a high differential voltage due to a fault ...
An isolated ground (IG) (or Functional Earth (FE) in European literature) is a ground connection to a local earth electrode from equipment where the main supply uses a different earthing arrangement, one of the common earthing arrangements used with domestic mains supplies.
Normal circuit currents flow only in the neutral, and the protective earth conductor bonds all equipment cases to earth to intercept any leakage current due to insulation failure. The neutral conductor is connected to earth at the building point of supply, but no common path to ground exists for circuit current and the protective conductor.
Bonding (including main bonding, supplementary bonding and equipotential bonding) Connection made to Earth, for protective purposes, either for individual components, for other metal objects in the premises (such as gas, water, or oil piping), or for the installation (or some part of it) as a whole. Earth/ground rod
The amount of cross bonding, and the topology of the grids, is determined by the expected frequencies in the signals to be carried and the uses the installation will be put to. A ground grid is provided primarily for safety, and the size of the conductors is probably governed by local building or electrical code. One factor to keep in mind is ...
For instance, if a current of 1 mA at the local power frequency is induced in the ground loop, and the resistance of the screen of the signal cable is 100 mΩ, the voltage drop will be = = 100 μV. This is a significant fraction of the output voltage of a moving coil pickup cartridge, and imposes an objectionable hum on the cartridge output.