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Apolipoprotein B is the primary apolipoprotein of chylomicrons, VLDL, Lp(a), IDL, and LDL particles (LDL—commonly known as "bad cholesterol" when in reference to both heart disease and vascular disease in general), which is responsible for carrying fat molecules (), including cholesterol, around the body to all cells within all tissues.
In a 2021 study in the journal The Lancet, researchers found that elevated levels of Apo B were associated with shorter lifespans, and the data suggested it was a stronger predictor than LDL levels.
The patient can have hypobetalipoproteinemia and simultaneously have high levels of HDL cholesterol. Notably, in people who do not have the genetic disorder hypobetalipoproteinemia, a very low cholesterol level (less than 100 mg/dl) may be a marker for poor nutrition, wasting disease, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and liver disease.
Chylomicron structure ApoA, ApoB, ApoC, ApoE (apolipoproteins); T (triacylglycerol); C (cholesterol); green (phospholipids). Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues.
Apolipoprotein B deficiency is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from a missense mutation which reduces the affinity of apoB-100 for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL Receptor). This causes impairments in LDL catabolism, resulting in increased levels of low-density lipoprotein in the blood.
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Triglyceride level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and/or metabolic syndrome. [37] Food intake prior to testing may cause elevated levels, up to 20%. Normal level is defined as less than 150 mg/dL. [46] Borderline high is defined as 150 to 199 mg/dL. [46] High level is between 200 and 499 mg/dL. [46]