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In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations).For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple and an orange; or a pear and an orange.
Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures.It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging from logic to statistical physics and from evolutionary biology to computer science.
(valid for any elements x, y of a commutative ring), which explains the name "binomial coefficient". Another occurrence of this number is in combinatorics, where it gives the number of ways, disregarding order, that k objects can be chosen from among n objects; more formally, the number of k-element subsets (or k-combinations) of an n-element set.
In combinatorics, stars and bars (also called "sticks and stones", [1] "balls and bars", [2] and "dots and dividers" [3]) is a graphical aid for deriving certain combinatorial theorems. It can be used to solve a variety of counting problems , such as how many ways there are to put n indistinguishable balls into k distinguishable bins. [ 4 ]
A slight generalization of central binomial coefficients is to take them as (+) (+) = (+,), with appropriate real numbers n, where () is the gamma function and (,) is the beta function. The powers of two that divide the central binomial coefficients are given by Gould's sequence , whose n th element is the number of odd integers in row n of ...
Combinatorics, a MathWorld article with many references. Combinatorics, from a MathPages.com portal. The Hyperbook of Combinatorics, a collection of math articles links. The Two Cultures of Mathematics by W. T. Gowers, article on problem solving vs theory building
Combinations and permutations in the mathematical sense are described in several articles. Described together, in-depth: Twelvefold way; Explained separately in a more accessible way: Combination; Permutation; For meanings outside of mathematics, please see both words’ disambiguation pages: Combination (disambiguation) Permutation ...
In mathematics, Pascal's rule (or Pascal's formula) is a combinatorial identity about binomial coefficients.It states that for positive natural numbers n and k, + = (), where () is a binomial coefficient; one interpretation of the coefficient of the x k term in the expansion of (1 + x) n.