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The journal was established in 1986 as the quarterly IEEE Expert, changed to bimonthly in 1990.Its name was changed to IEEE Intelligent Systems & Their Applications in 1997 (already in 1996, the journal's title had become IEEE Expert - Intelligent Systems & Their Applications with a marked emphasis put on the text Intelligent Systems).
The use of AI in applications such as online trading and decision-making has changed major economic theories. [66] For example, AI-based buying and selling platforms estimate personalized demand and supply curves, thus enabling individualized pricing. AI systems reduce information asymmetry in the market and thus make markets more efficient. [67]
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
Modern systems can incorporate new knowledge more easily and thus update themselves easily. Such systems can generalize from existing knowledge better and deal with vast amounts of complex data. Related is the subject of big data here. Sometimes these type of expert systems are called "intelligent systems." [10]
Simple reflex agent Learning agent. A multi-agent system (MAS or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. [1] Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve. [2]
Examples of swarm intelligence in natural systems include ant colonies, bee colonies, bird flocking, hawks hunting, animal herding, bacterial growth, fish schooling and microbial intelligence. The application of swarm principles to robots is called swarm robotics while swarm intelligence refers to the more general set of algorithms.
Hybrid intelligent system denotes a software system which employs, in parallel, a combination of methods and techniques from artificial intelligence subfields, such as: Neuro-symbolic systems Neuro-fuzzy systems
Smart systems integration. BerlinOffenbach: VDE-Verl. ISBN 978-3-8007-3490-0. Meyer, G. et al.: Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications 2009 - Smart Systems for Safety, Sustainability and Comfort, Springer 2009; Internet-of-Things in 2020 – A roadmap for the future, 2008