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  2. List of map projections - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections

    The straight-line distance between the central point on the map to any other point is the same as the straight-line 3D distance through the globe between the two points. c. 150 BC: Stereographic: Azimuthal Conformal Hipparchos* Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two hemispheres.

  3. Web Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Mercator_projection

    Web Mercator is a spherical Mercator projection, and so it has the same properties as a spherical Mercator: north is up everywhere, meridians are equally spaced vertical lines, angles are locally correct (assuming spherical coordinates), and areas inflate with distance from the equator such that the polar regions are grossly exaggerated.

  4. Google Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth

    Google Earth Outreach is a charity program, through which Google promotes and donates to various non-profit organizations. Beginning in 2007, donations are often accompanied by layers featured in Google Earth, allowing users to view a non-profit's projects and goals by navigating to certain related locations. [92]

  5. Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates

    Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).

  6. Latitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude

    Earth's graticule. The vertical lines from pole to pole are lines of constant longitude, or meridians. The circles parallel to the equator are lines of constant latitude, or parallels. The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface. In this example meridians are spaced at 6° intervals and parallels at 4° intervals.

  7. Azimuthal equidistant projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuthal_equidistant...

    That point, (φ 0, λ 0), will project to the center of a circular projection, with φ referring to latitude and λ referring to longitude. All points along a given azimuth will project along a straight line from the center, and the angle θ that the line subtends from the vertical is the

  8. Orthometric height - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthometric_height

    The orthometric height (symbol H) is the vertical distance along the plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the geoid, the vertical datum that approximates mean sea level. [1] [2] Orthometric height is one of the scientific formalizations of a layman's "height above sea level", along with other types of heights in ...

  9. Geographical distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_distance

    A tunnel between points on Earth is defined by a Cartesian line through three-dimensional space between the points of interest. The tunnel distance D t = 2 R sin ⁡ D 2 R {\displaystyle D_{\textrm {t}}=2R\sin {\frac {D}{2R}}} is the great-circle chord length and may be calculated as follows for the corresponding unit sphere: