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  2. Genetic assimilation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_assimilation

    Genetic assimilation. Genetic assimilation is a process described by Conrad H. Waddington by which a phenotype originally produced in response to an environmental condition, such as exposure to a teratogen, later becomes genetically encoded via artificial selection or natural selection. Despite superficial appearances, this does not require the ...

  3. Assimilation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)

    Assimilation (biology) Assimilation is the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism. In humans, this is always done with a chemical breakdown (enzymes and acids) and physical breakdown (oral mastication and stomach churning). Chemical alteration of substances in the ...

  4. Canalisation (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)

    Canalisation (genetics) Norms of reaction for two genotypes. Genotype B shows a strongly bimodal distribution indicating differentiation into distinct phenotypes. Each phenotype that results from genotype A is buffered against environmental variation—it is canalised. Canalisation is a measure of the ability of a population to produce the same ...

  5. Biodegradation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation

    Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. [a][2] It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Composting is a human-driven process in which biodegradation occurs under a specific set of circumstances. The process of biodegradation is threefold ...

  6. Genetic transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_transformation

    This process of the second bacterial cell taking up new genetic material is called transformation. In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane (s).

  7. Reaction norm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_norm

    In ecology and genetics, a reaction norm, also called a norm of reaction, describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments. One use of reaction norms is in describing how different species—especially related species—respond to varying environments. But differing genotypes within a single ...

  8. Nitrogen cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle

    The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation ...

  9. Multiregional origin of modern humans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of...

    The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution. Multiregional evolution holds that the human species first arose around two million years ago ...