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Pathwidth. In graph theory, a path decomposition of a graph G is, informally, a representation of G as a "thickened" path graph, [ 1 ] and the pathwidth of G is a number that measures how much the path was thickened to form G. More formally, a path-decomposition is a sequence of subsets of vertices of G such that the endpoints of each edge ...
Network science. In mathematics, random graph is the general term to refer to probability distributions over graphs. Random graphs may be described simply by a probability distribution, or by a random process which generates them. [1][2] The theory of random graphs lies at the intersection between graph theory and probability theory.
Dollar sign. The dollar sign, also known as the peso sign, is a currency symbol consisting of a capital S crossed with one or two vertical strokes ($ or depending on typeface), used to indicate the unit of various currencies around the world, including most currencies denominated "dollar" or "peso". The explicitly double-barred sign is called ...
Valued in USD, the currency went from US$1 = HK$5.71 to US$1 = HK$6.06; 1972: pegged to the US dollar, US$1 = HK$5.65; 1973: US$1 = HK$5.085; 1974 to 1983: The Hong Kong dollar was floated; October 17, 1983: Pegged at US$1 = HK$7.80 through the currency board system; May 18, 2005: A lower and upper guaranteed limit are in place at 7.75 to the ...
In mathematics, they are useful in geometry and certain parts of topology, e.g. knot theory. Algebraic graph theory has close links with group theory and topological graph theory has close links to topology. There are also continuous graphs; however, for the most part, research in graph theory falls within the domain of discrete mathematics.
Erdős–Gallai theorem. The Erdős–Gallai theorem is a result in graph theory, a branch of combinatorial mathematics. It provides one of two known approaches to solving the graph realization problem, i.e. it gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a finite sequence of natural numbers to be the degree sequence of a simple graph. A ...
Purchasing power parity (PPP) [ 1 ] is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a market basket at one location divided by the price of the basket of goods at a different location.
In monetary economics, the equation of exchange is the relation: where, for a given period, M {\displaystyle M\,} is the total money supply in circulation on average in an economy. V {\displaystyle V\,} is the velocity of money, that is the average frequency with which a unit of money is spent. P {\displaystyle P\,} is the price level.