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Galactooligosaccharides are a substrate for bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Studies with infants and adults have shown that foods or drinks enriched with galactooligosaccharides result in a significant increase in Bifidobacteria. [1] These sugars can be found naturally in human milk, known as human milk oligosaccharides. [5]
Some of the Bifidobacterium animalis bacteria found in a sample of Activia yogurt: The numbered ticks on the scale are 10 micrometres apart.. In 1899, Henri Tissier, a French pediatrician at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolated a bacterium characterised by a Y-shaped morphology ("bifid") in the intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants and named it "bifidus". [5]
Prebiotics are compounds in food that foster growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. [1] The most common environment concerning their effects on human health is the gastrointestinal tract, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the gut microbiome .
Bifidobacterium adolescentis is an anaerobic species of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other primates. [1] It is one of the most abundant and prevalent Bifidobacterium species detected in human populations, especially in adults.
Bifidobacterium longum is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped bacterium present in the human gastrointestinal tract and one of the 32 species that belong to the genus Bifidobacterium. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a microaerotolerant anaerobe and considered to be one of the earliest colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract of infants. [ 2 ]
Bacterial growth is proliferation of bacterium into two daughter cells, in a process called binary fission. Providing no mutation event occurs, the resulting daughter cells are genetically identical to the original cell. Hence, bacterial growth occurs. Both daughter cells from the division do not necessarily survive.