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For the limiting case of a very wide duct, i.e. a slot of width b, where b ≫ a, and a is the water depth, then D H = 4a. For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross-section is a convex regular polygon , the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter D {\displaystyle D} of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter .
h f = head loss in meters (water) over the length of pipe; L = length of pipe in meters; Q = volumetric flow rate, m 3 /s (cubic meters per second) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, m (meters) Note: pressure drop can be computed from head loss as h f × the unit weight of water (e.g., 9810 N/m 3 at 4 deg C)
A Fixture Unit is not a flow rate unit but a design factor. A fixture unit is equal to 1 cubic foot (0.028 m 3) of water drained in a 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (32 mm) diameter pipe over one minute. [2] One cubic foot of water is roughly 7.48 US gallons (28.3 L; 6.23 imp gal). A Fixture Unit is used in plumbing design for both water supply and waste ...
This is the most commonly used measurement system for measuring water supply in houses. The fluid, most commonly water, enters in one side of the meter and strikes the nutating disk, which is eccentrically mounted. The disk must then "wobble" or nutate about the vertical axis, since the bottom and the top of the disk remain in contact with the ...
The size of the largest scales of fluid motion (sometimes called eddies) are set by the overall geometry of the flow. For instance, in an industrial smoke stack, the largest scales of fluid motion are as big as the diameter of the stack itself. The size of the smallest scales is set by the Reynolds number.
The three values chosen for friction loss correspond to, in US units inch water column per 100 feet, 0.01, .03, and 0.1. Note that, in approximation, for a given value of flow volume, a step up in duct size (say from 100mm to 120mm) will reduce the friction loss by a factor of 3.
In shop drawings pipe sizes should be marked with the text and size should be shown with double line. Each pipes with different purposes will be displayed with different colors for ease of understanding. Drainage pipes should be shown with slope. For water supply, pump capacity and number of pumps will be attached as drawing file.
The Reynolds number Re is taken to be Re = V D / ν, where V is the mean velocity of fluid flow, D is the pipe diameter, and where ν is the kinematic viscosity μ / ρ, with μ the fluid's Dynamic viscosity, and ρ the fluid's density. The pipe's relative roughness ε / D, where ε is the pipe's effective roughness height and D the pipe ...