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For example, by obversion, a universal affirmative statement become a universal negative statement with the predicate term that is the class complement of the predicate term of the original universal affirmative statement.
An affirmative (positive) form is used to express the validity or truth of a basic assertion, while a negative form expresses its falsity. For example, the affirmative sentence "Joe is here" asserts that it is true that Joe is currently located near the speaker. Conversely, the negative sentence "Joe is not here" asserts that it is not true ...
The A proposition, the universal affirmative (universalis affirmativa), whose form in Latin is 'omne S est P ', usually translated as 'every S is a P '. The E proposition, the universal negative (universalis negativa), Latin form 'nullum S est P ', usually translated as 'no S are P '.
The immediately inferred proposition is termed the "obverse" of the original proposition, and is a valid form of inference for all types (A, E, I, O) of categorical propositions. In a universal affirmative and a universal negative proposition the subject term and the predicate term are both replaced by their negated counterparts:
affirmative proposition A proposition that asserts the truth of a statement, as opposed to negating it. [7] [8] [9] affirming the consequent A logical fallacy in which a conditional statement is incorrectly used to infer its converse. For example, from "If P then Q" and "Q", concluding "P". alethic modal logic
The logical square, also called square of opposition or square of Apuleius has its origin in the four marked sentences to be employed in syllogistic reasoning: Every man is white, the universal affirmative and its negation Not every man is white (or Some men are not white), the particular negative on the one hand, Some men are white, the particular affirmative and its negation No man is white ...
A proposition may be universal or particular, and it may be affirmative or negative. Traditionally, the four kinds of propositions are: A-type: Universal and affirmative ("All philosophers are mortal") E-type: Universal and negative ("All philosophers are not mortal") I-type: Particular and affirmative ("Some philosophers are mortal")
For example, anywhere is an NPI corresponding to the negative nowhere, as used in the following sentences: I was going nowhere. (the negative nowhere is used when not preceded by another negative) I was not going anywhere. (the NPI anywhere is used in the environment of the preceding negative not)