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Situs inversus is the mirror image of situs solitus, which is normal asymmetric distribution of the abdominothoracic visceral organs. Situs ambiguus can also be subdivided into left-isomerism and right isomerism based on the defects observed in the spleen , lungs and atria of the heart .
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose abnormalities in various internal organs, such as the kidneys, [1] liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and abdominal aorta.If Doppler ultrasonography is added, the blood flow inside blood vessels can be evaluated as well (for example, to look for renal artery stenosis).
Normal epididymal head. The epididymal head, usually iso- or slightly hyperechoic than the testis is seen located cephalad to the testis. [citation needed] The normal adult testis is an ovoid structure measuring 3 cm in anterior-posterior dimension, 2–4 cm in width, and 3–5 cm in length.
A closeup of an erect micropenis with a tape measure displaying length. Of the abnormal conditions associated with micropenis, most are conditions of reduced prenatal androgen production or effect, such as abnormal testicular development (testicular dysgenesis), Klinefelter syndrome, Leydig cell hypoplasia, specific defects of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone synthesis (17,20-lyase ...
A varicocele is, in a man, an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum; in a woman, it is an abnormal painful swelling to the embryologically identical pampiniform venous plexus; it is more commonly called pelvic compression syndrome.
Cryptorchidism, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy. [ 30 ] Testicular enlargement is an unspecific sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm ( long axis ) × 3 cm (short axis).
Palpate abdominal region to determine if testicle is undescended. [1] Palpate the spermatic cord and note the connection to the testicle. [1] In some instances, examiner will perform the Valsalva maneuver to assess the mass on the veins within the spermatic cord. Palpate the inguinal canals to assess for hernias or abnormal tenderness. [5]
The mean size of an inguinal lymph node, as measured over the short-axis, is approximately 5.4 mm (range 2.1-13.6 mm), with two standard deviations above the mean being 8.8 mm. [5] A size of up to 10 mm is generally regarded as a cut-off value for normal vs abnormal inguinal lymph node size.