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The Extractiones de Talmud is a collection of passages from the Babylonian Talmud translated from Hebrew and Aramaic into Latin in 1244–1245. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is the earliest substantial translation of any part of the Talmud into Latin and the largest collection of Latin Talmudic excerpts.
Following the expulsion the Spanish exiles took a leading role in the Jewish communities of Western Asia (the Middle East) and North Africa, who modified their rites to bring them still nearer to the Spanish rite, which by then was regarded as the standard. The Shulchan Aruch, a universal code of Jewish law, reflects Sephardic laws and customs.
A Talmud was compiled in each of these regional centres. The earlier of the two compilations took place in Galilee, either in the late fourth or early fifth century, and it came to be known as the Jerusalem Talmud (or Talmud Yerushalmi). Later on, and likely some time in the sixth century, the Babylonian Talmud was compiled (Talmud Bavli).
Joseph ibn Migash (1077–1141) 12th-century Spanish Talmudist and rosh yeshiva; teacher of Maimon, father of Maimonides Judah ben Joseph ibn Bulat (c. 1500–1550), Spanish Talmudist and rabbi Ka'ab al-Ahbar , Iṣḥaq Ka‘b ben Mati, (?–652/653) was a prominent rabbi from Yemen who was one of the earliest important Jewish converts to Islam.
The decree was later used by some Spanish diplomats to save Sephardi Jews from persecution and death during the Holocaust. [123] Prior to the Spanish Civil War and not taking Ceuta and Melilla into account, about 6,000–7,000 Jews lived in Spain, mostly in Barcelona and Madrid. [124]
Some Jewish-Spanish authors, to distinguish it from later halakhic codices of a similar nature, called the work "Halakhot Rishonot". [5] It gives the entire halakhic and practical material of the Talmud in a codified form, and seems to represent the first attempt to treat it according to its contents rather than according to the arrangement of its treatises.
The Spanish school was the more logical, and strove for brevity and lucidity in the deduction of its rulings from the Talmud, while the French school was more dialectic, and frequently gave full play to casuistry at the expense of clearness.
The Jerusalem Talmud ed. Heinrich Guggenheimer, Walter de Gruyter. This edition, which is a complete one for the entire Jerusalem Talmud, is a scholarly translation based on the editio princeps and upon the existing manuscripts. The text is fully vocalized and followed by an extensive commentary.