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The Autism – Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities Inventory (A–TAC) is a psychological measure used to screen for other conditions occurring with tics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Along with tic disorders , it screens for autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other conditions with onset in childhood. [ 1 ]
A tic is a sudden and repetitive motor movement or vocalization that is not rhythmic and involves discrete muscle groups. [1] [2] [3] Tics are typically brief and may resemble a normal behavioral characteristic or gesture. [4] Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching.
Others are comfortable using them and even advocate for a stimulant trial when ADHD co-occurs with tics, because the symptoms of ADHD can be more impairing than tics. [ 266 ] [ 270 ] The stimulants are the first line of treatment for ADHD, with proven efficacy, but they do fail in up to 20% of cases, even in patients without tic disorders. [ 271 ]
The VADRS was developed by Wolraich with the aim to add common comorbid conditions associated with ADHD that was lacking from previous assessments. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] As public awareness of ADHD has increased, epidemiological studies have found a prevalence rate of 4–12% in children of ages 6–12 throughout the United States.
The presence of ADHD is associated with functional impairment, disruptive behavior, and tic severity. [25] Strategies to help the child at school can be established; these include allowing the child to chew gum to help reduce vocal tics, to use a laptop instead of writing by hand, and to take breaks from the classroom when tics are high.
Symptoms of ADHD include inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and academic problems. Another area that is affected by these disorders is the social arena for the person with the disorder.