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Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA or MMAW), flux shielded arc welding [1] or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld.
It is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between a metal stick ("electrode") and the base material to melt the metals at the point of contact. Arc welding power supplies can deliver either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current to the work, while consumable or non-consumable electrodes are used.
Autogenous welding is a form of welding in which the filler material is either supplied by melting the base material or is of identical composition. [1] The weld may be formed entirely by melting parts of the base metal, and no additional filler rod is used. There is some variation in the use of this term.
This is a list of welding processes, separated into their respective categories. The associated N reference numbers (second column) are specified in ISO 4063 (in the European Union published as EN ISO 4063 ). [ 1 ]
Specification for carbon steel electrodes and rods for gas shielded arc welding AWS B1.10: Guide for the nondestructive examination of welds AWS B2.1: Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification AWS D1.1: Structural welding (steel) AWS D1.2: Structural welding (aluminum) AWS D1.3: Structural welding (sheet steel) AWS D1.4
The results are for example not the same in welds made for the European Space Agency with a high turnover ω = 14000 rpm [61] or another example from Warsaw technical university 12000 rpm [41] and no typical very short friction time only 60 milliseconds [42] instead of using an standard parameters, in addition, in this case, ultra fine grain ...