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Squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), also known as epidermoid carcinoma, comprises a number of different types of cancer that begin in squamous cells. [1] These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts .
There is a risk of metastasis starting more than 10 years [citation needed] after diagnosable appearance of squamous-cell carcinoma, but the risk is low, [specify] though much [specify] higher than with basal-cell carcinoma. Squamous-cell cancers of the lip and ears have high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis. [27]
All squamous cell carcinoma lesions are thought to begin via the repeated, uncontrolled division of cancer stem cells of epithelial lineage or characteristics. Accumulation of these cancer cells causes a microscopic focus of abnormal cells that are, at least initially, locally confined within the specific tissue in which the progenitor cell resided.
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung is closely correlated with a history of tobacco smoking, more so than most other types of lung cancer.According to the Nurses' Health Study, the relative risk of SCC is approximately 5.5, both among those with a previous duration of smoking of 1 to 20 years, and those with 20 to 30 years, compared to never-smokers. [2]
Of nonmelanoma skin cancers, about 80% are basal-cell cancers and 20% squamous-cell skin cancers. [14] Basal-cell and squamous-cell skin cancers rarely result in death. [6] In the United States, they were the cause of less than 0.1% of all cancer deaths. [1] Globally in 2012, melanoma occurred in 232,000 people and resulted in 55,000 deaths. [6]
The risk of regional cancer recurrence after neck dissection is often estimated [164] from a large series based on all upper aerodigestive squamous cell cancers. In this series, the overall risks at three years by pathological stage (AJCC 7) were: [217] pN0 4.7%; pN1 4.9%; pN2 12.1%