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Lampshades are made of fabric, parchment, glass, Tiffany glass, paper or plastic. Common fabric materials include silk , linen and cotton . Fabric shades are reinforced by metal frames to give the lampshades their shape, while paper or plastic shades can hold their shape without support.
The andon is a lamp consisting of paper stretched over a frame of bamboo, wood or metal. [1] The paper protected the flame from the wind. Burning oil in a stone, metal, or ceramic holder, with a wick of cotton or pith, provided the light. They were usually open on the top and bottom, with one side that could be lifted to provide access. [2]
The paper may then undergo sizing to alter its physical properties for use in various applications. Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are ...
Paper Coating 1) The paper or board 2) The first layer of coating to even out the surface 3) A second layer for an even smoother and whiter surface. Pigments that absorb in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum can be added. As the dye absorbs light, the brightness of the paper will decrease, unlike the effect of an optical ...
Until the early 20th century, the Japanese used washi in applications where Western style paper or other materials are currently used. This is partly because washi was the only type of paper available at that time in Japan, but also because the unique characteristics of washi made it a better material. [citation needed] Washi is also used in ...
The raw material is long fibered softwood fluff pulp in roll form. The pulp are defibrized in a hammermill. Defibration is the process of freeing the fibres from each other before entering the papermachine. Important parameters for dry defibration are shredding energy and knot content. Normally an air-laid paper consists of about 85% fibre.