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Eventually, IBM settled on a six-hole encoding, as documented in their automatic justifying typewriter patents filed in 1945. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Equipping an electric typewriter with both a paper-tape reader and punch created the basic foundation for what would become the Flexowriter.
The IBM 046 Tape-to-Card Punch and the IBM 047 Tape-to-Card Printing Punch (which was almost identical, but with the addition of a printing mechanism) read data from punched paper tape and punched that data into cards. The IBM 063 Card-Controlled Tape Punch read punched cards, punching that data into paper tape. [83]
IBM cards, preprinted, optionally numbered and pre-punched, were available as continuous form cards and were used for checks and other documents. [8] Continuous form paper became widely used and well known to the general public in the 1980s due to the development of microcomputers and inexpensive dot-matrix consumer printers.
To bind a document, the user first punches holes in the paper with a specialized hole punch. Pages must be punched a few at a time with most of these machines. If hard covers are desired, they must be punched as well. In bulk applications, a paper drilling machine may be used. Then the user chooses a spine size that will match the document.
Automated cash handling is used by banks, retail stores, check-cashing outlets, payday loan/advance providers, casinos, and more. This process is facilitated through the use of specially designed hardware and software, with the primary goals of preventing loss, deterring theft, and reducing the need for constant manual oversight of cash operations.
German Friedrich Soennecken invented ring binders in 1886 in Bonn. [2] [3] He also registered a patent on 14 November 1886 for his Papierlocher für Sammelmappen ("paper punch for binders", or hole punch). [3] German Louis Leitz, founder of Leitz, later made some important changes to the development of ring binders in Stuttgart. [4]
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