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The principles of evolutionary educational psychology represent the foundational assumptions for an evolutionary educational psychology. The gist is knowledge and expertise that is useful in the cultural milieu or ecology in which the group is situated will be transferred across generations in the form of cultural artifacts, such as books, or learning traditions, as in apprenticeships (e.g ...
Relatedly, Lawrence and Lorsch (1967) elaborated upon the notion of "fit" between organizational structures and the various sub-environments in which they operated. [4] Organizations that were best able to match their organization structures to sub-environments outperformed other organizations, spawning a rich literature in contingency theory .
Adaptation is primarily a process rather than a physical form or part of a body. [12] An internal parasite (such as a liver fluke ) can illustrate the distinction: such a parasite may have a very simple bodily structure, but nevertheless the organism is highly adapted to its specific environment.
Humans, the genus Homo, appeared between 1.5 and 2.5 million years ago, a time that roughly coincides with the start of the Pleistocene 2.6 million years ago. Because the Pleistocene ended a mere 12,000 years ago, most human adaptations either newly evolved during the Pleistocene, or were maintained by stabilizing selection during the Pleistocene.
Many species have the ability to adapt through learning. [3] Organisms will often learn through various psychological and cognitive processes, such as operant and classical conditioning and discrimination memory. [3] This learning process allows organisms to modify their behavior to survive in unpredictable environments. [3]
"Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place." — Lewis Carroll [4]. In 1973, Leigh Van Valen proposed the hypothesis as an "explanatory tangent" to explain the "law of extinction" known as "Van Valen's law", [1] which states that the probability of extinction does not depend on the lifetime of the species or higher-rank taxon, instead being constant ...
Herbert Spencer, who argued against government intervention as he believed that society should evolve toward more individual freedom, [42] followed Lamarck in his evolutionary thinking, [43] in that he believed that humans do over time adapt to their surroundings. [44] He differentiated between two phases of development as regards societies ...
The framework centers around "consumer-resource models" which largely split a given ecosystem into resources (e.g. sunlight or available water in soil) and consumers (e.g. any living thing, including plants and animals), and attempts to define the scope of possible relationships that could exist between the two groups.