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The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost to Statehood (University of Missouri Press, 1989) Gardner, James A. "The Business Career of Moses Austin in Missouri, 1798-1821." Missouri Historical Review (1956) 50#3 pp 235–47. Gitlin, Jay. The bourgeois frontier: French towns, French traders, and American expansion (Yale University Press, 2009)
Map of early Missouri settlements and trading posts. Disputes between France and England over control of the Ohio Valley resulted in the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754. The British won and France lost all its holdings. France gave Spain control of Louisiana in November 1762 in the Treaty of Fontainebleau. [12]
"Superior American Negro Cloths" advertised in a Charleston, South Carolina newspaper in 1826. Negro cloth or Lowell cloth was a coarse and strong cloth used for slaves' clothing in the West Indies and the Southern Colonies. [1] [2] [3] The cloth was imported from Europe (primarily Wales) in the 18th and 19th centuries. [4] [5]
Sawers (2005) shows how southern farmers made the mule their preferred draft animal in the South during the 1860s–1920s, primarily because it fit better with the region's geography. Mules better withstood the heat of summer, and their smaller size and hooves were well suited for such crops as cotton, tobacco, and sugar.
By contrast, farmers in the Upland South cultivated land for subsistence, and few held slaves. The Upland South's population has mainly Scots-Irish and English ancestry. Because settlers were chiefly yeoman farmers, many upland areas did not support the Confederate cause during the American Civil War (see Andrew Johnson).
Plain Folk of the Old South is a 1949 book by American Vanderbilt University historian Frank Lawrence Owsley, one of the Southern Agrarians. In it he used statistical data to analyze the makeup of Southern United States of America society, contending that yeoman farmers made up a larger middle class than was generally thought.
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The third major satellite village in the area, Florissant, was founded on the south bank of the Missouri about 15 miles northwest of St. Louis and had a population of nearly 300. [39] By 1800, only 43% of the St. Louis district's population (excluding St. Charles district) lived within the village of St. Louis (1,039 of 2,447). [37]