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The Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone of 1958 is an international treaty which entered into force on 10 September 1964, one of four agreed upon at the first United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea . 52 states are parties to the convention, whether through ratification, succession, or accession.
The convention resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas. UNCLOS came into force in 1994, a year after Guyana became the 60th nation to ratify the treaty. [1]
Schematic map of maritime zones (aerial view). Territorial waters are informally an area of water where a sovereign state has jurisdiction, including internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially the extended continental shelf (these components are sometimes collectively called the maritime zones [1]).
3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): This zone extends up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the baseline. In the EEZ, the coastal state has the exclusive rights to explore and exploit natural resources found in the water column and on or under the seabed. Moreover, UNCLOS provides Arctic countries with special prerogatives.
Diagram of UNCLOS maritime zones. Brazilian regulation on maritime spaces follows UNCLOS, a codification of international maritime law which came into force in 1994. [15] [16] This Convention, ratified by 168 states as of 2022, [16] unifies centuries of rulemaking on interstate disputes over control of the seas. [17]
Map of the dispute over the extended continental shelf in the Southern Zone Sea between Argentina and Chile. The procedures established by UNCLOS are based on the principle that "land dominates the sea," meaning the status of maritime spaces legitimated by its bodies derives from the status of the coastal landmasses.
International waters can be contrasted with internal waters, territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. UNCLOS also contains, in its part XII, special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, which, in certain cases, allow port States to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction over foreign ships on the high seas if they ...
Features, limits and zones. A maritime boundary is a conceptual division of Earth's water surface areas using physiographical or geopolitical criteria. As such, it usually bounds areas of exclusive national rights over mineral and biological resources, [1] encompassing maritime features, limits and zones. [2]