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In computer networking, Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances, or simply Cisco ASA, is Cisco's line of network security devices introduced in May 2005. [1] It succeeded three existing lines of Cisco products: Cisco PIX, which provided firewall and network address translation (NAT) functions, ended its sale on July 28, 2008. [2]
NAT hairpinning, also known as NAT loopback or NAT reflection, [27] is a feature in many consumer routers [28] where a machine on the LAN is able to access another machine on the LAN via the external IP address of the LAN/router (with port forwarding set up on the router to direct requests to the appropriate machine on the LAN).
Various NAT traversal techniques have been developed: NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a protocol introduced by Apple as an alternative to IGDP. Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a successor of NAT-PMP. UPnP Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD) is supported by many small NAT gateways in home or small office settings. It allows a ...
Cisco PIX (Private Internet eXchange) was a popular IP firewall and network address translation (NAT) appliance.It was one of the first products in this market segment. In 2005, Cisco introduced the newer Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (), that inherited many of the PIX features, and in 2008 announced PIX end-of-sale.
There are three tables: nat, filter, and mangle. Unless preceded by the option -t, an iptables command concerns the filter table by default. For example, the command iptables -L -v -n, which shows some chains and their rules, is equivalent to iptables -t filter -L -v -n. To show chains of table nat, use the command iptables -t nat -L -v -n
Carrier-grade NAT. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN or CGNAT), also known as large-scale NAT (LSN), is a type of network address translation (NAT) used by ISPs in IPv4 network design. With CGNAT, end sites, in particular residential networks, are configured with private network addresses that are translated to public IPv4 addresses by middlebox network address translator devices embedded in the network ...
recognizing application-specific commands and offering granular security controls over them; synchronizing between multiple streams/sessions of data between two hosts exchanging data. For example, an FTP application may use separate connections for passing control commands and for exchanging data between the client and a remote server. During ...
STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT; originally Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) through Network Address Translators) is a standardized set of methods, including a network protocol, for traversal of network address translator (NAT) gateways in applications of real-time voice, video, messaging, and other interactive ...