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Bottles in different colours Mixed colour glass cullet Public glass waste collection point for different colours of containers. Glass recycling is the processing of waste glass into usable products. [1] Glass that is crushed or imploded and ready to be remelted is called cullet. [2] There are two types of cullet: internal and external.
The glass transition of a liquid to a solid-like state may occur with either cooling or compression. [10] The transition comprises a smooth increase in the viscosity of a material by as much as 17 orders of magnitude within a temperature range of 500 K without any pronounced change in material structure. [11]
In practice, almost all chemical compounds and materials are subject to biodegradation, the key element being time. Things like vegetables may degrade within days, while glass and some plastics take many millennia to decompose.
Glass disease, also referred to as sick glass or glass illness, is a degradation process of glass that can result in weeping, crizzling, spalling, cracking and fragmentation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Glass disease is caused by an inherent instability in the chemical composition of the original glass formula. [ 3 ]
The calculation of glass properties allows "fine-tuning" of desired material characteristics, e.g., the refractive index. [1]The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save ...
The physical origin of the non-Arrhenius behavior of fragile glass formers is an area of active investigation in glass physics. Advances over the last decade have linked this phenomenon with the presence of locally heterogeneous dynamics in fragile glass formers; i.e. the presence of distinct (if transient) slow and fast regions within the material.
(Differential thermal analysis) (DTA) and (differential scanning calorimetry) (DSC): Analyzing the heating effect of polymer during the physical changes in terms of glass transition, melting, and so on. [7] These techniques measure the heat flow associated with oxidation.
decomposition of hydrated minerals, as in the calcination of bauxite and gypsum, carbonate ore to remove water of crystallization as water vapor; decomposition of volatile matter contained in raw petroleum coke; heat treatment to effect phase transformations, as in conversion of anatase to rutile or devitrification of glass materials;