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Cystourethrography is a radiographic, fluoroscopic medical procedure that is used to visualize and evaluate the bladder and the urethra. [1] Voiding and positive pressure cystourethrograms help to assess lower urinary tract trauma, reflux, suspected fistulas, and to diagnose urinary retention.
Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra.It is carried out with a cystoscope.. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
In urology, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is a frequently performed technique for visualizing a person's urethra and urinary bladder while the person urinates (voids). It is used in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (kidney reflux), among other disorders. [1]
BPH is normally initially treated medically through alpha antagonists such as tamsulosin, or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride and dutasteride.If medical treatment does not reduce a patient's urinary symptoms, a TURP may be considered following a careful examination of the prostate or bladder through a cystoscope.
An intravenous pyelogram is used to look for problems relating to the urinary tract. [5] These may include blockages or narrowing, such as due to kidney stones, cancer (such as renal cell carcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma), enlarged prostate glands, and anatomical variations, [5] such as a medullary sponge kidney. [6]
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), also called fulguration, [1] is a medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, tumor, sensory nerves or a dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from medium frequency alternating current (in the range of 350–500 kHz).
Hunner's ulcers or Hunner's lesions occur in 5 to 10 percent of people who have the bladder disease interstitial cystitis.They form on the wall of the bladder and, like any ulcer, they can bleed, ooze, and may vary in size.
Diagnosis is based on results of bladder catheterization, ultrasonography, CT scan, cystourethroscopy, or pyelography, depending on the level of obstruction. [ citation needed ] Treatment