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Mourning and Melancholia (German: Trauer und Melancholie) is a 1917 work of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. [1]In this essay, Freud argues that mourning and melancholia are similar but different responses to loss.
Sigmund Freud (/ f r ɔɪ d / FROYD; [2] German: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfrɔʏt]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, [3] and the distinctive theory of ...
Freud links Trafoi to the theme death and sexuality, a theme preceding the word-finding problem in a conversation Freud had during a trip by train through Bosnia-Herzegovina. The second important ingredient in Freud's analysis is the extraction of an Italian word signor from the forgotten name Signorelli.
Freud desired to understand religion and spirituality and deals with the nature of religious beliefs in many of his books and essays. He regarded God as an illusion, based on the infantile need for a powerful father figure. Freud believed that religion was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress.
Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family, [1] the daughter of Berman Bernays (1826–1879) and Emmeline Philipp (1830–1910). Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the chief rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the German Romantic poet Heinrich Heine, who frequently mentioned Isaac in his letters. [2]
Freud thus describes the dilemma of culture, which simultaneously calls for renunciation while still needing the sexual instinct to preserve itself. The repression model that imposes cultural sexual morality should therefore be abandoned in favor of a sublimation, displacement , and distribution model of sexual energies.
The essay, marking Freud's major revision of his drive theory, elaborates on the struggle between two opposing drives. In the first few sections, Freud describes these as Eros, which produces creativity, harmony, sexual connection, reproduction, and self-preservation; and the "death drives" (what some call "Thanatos" [4]), which brings destruction, repetition, aggression, compulsion, and self ...
Freud's conceptual opposition of death and eros drives in the human psyche was applied by Walter A. Davis in Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative [85] and Death's Dream Kingdom: The American Psyche since 9/11. [86] Davis described social reactions to both Hiroshima and 9/11 from the Freudian viewpoint of the death force.