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To produce refined (white) wheat flour, [4] grain is usually tempered, i.e. moisture added to the grain, before milling, to optimize milling efficiency.This softens the starchy "endosperm" portion of the wheat kernel, which will be separated out in the milling process to produce what is known to consumers as white flour.
Standard white flour is made up of milled endosperm, but whole wheat flour is comprised of all three parts. This makes for a nutty flavor and nutrient-rich flour. (Try it in Ree's mom's muffins .)
Acorn flour is made from ground acorns and can be used as a substitute for wheat flour. It was used by Native Americans. Koreans also use acorn flour to make dotorimuk. Almond flour is made from ground almonds. Amaranth flour is a flour produced from ground amaranth grain. It was commonly used in pre-Columbian meso-American cuisine and was ...
Therefore, the nutritious part of the grain is the seed and its endosperm. In some cases (e.g. wheat, rice) the endosperm is selectively retained in food processing (commonly called white flour), and the embryo and seed coat removed. The processed grain has a lower quality of nutrition.
Similar to brown rice, whole wheat flour contains bran, endosperm, and germ. These parts are packed with fiber and other nutrients, which is what gives whole wheat flour a shorter shelf life.
The healthiest flour has more vitamins and minerals and fewer calories than refined wheat and white flours. Try oat flour or chickpea flour for health benefits.
Flour roller mills were specifically designed to efficiently separate the bran and germ elements of the wheat kernel. What remains is the endosperm, generally referred to as white flour. White flour is often artificially enriched to restore some of the nutrition lost by separating out the bran and the germ elements.
Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe, [69] while rice flour is common in Asia. [70] A cereal grain consists of starchy endosperm, germ, and bran. Wholemeal flour contains all of these; white flour is without some or all of the germ or bran. [71] [72]