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To produce refined (white) wheat flour, [4] grain is usually tempered, i.e. moisture added to the grain, before milling, to optimize milling efficiency.This softens the starchy "endosperm" portion of the wheat kernel, which will be separated out in the milling process to produce what is known to consumers as white flour.
Bread Flour. Comparing bread flour versus all-purpose flour, the former has the highest protein content of the refined wheat flours, clocking in at up to 14 percent.
White whole wheat flour is milled just like regular whole wheat flour, but it starts with a hard wheat that’s paler, called hard white wheat. It has a similar protein content (about 14 percent ...
Maida flour is a finely milled wheat flour used to make a wide variety of Indian breads such as paratha and naan. Maida is widely used not only in Indian cuisine but also in Central Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine. Though sometimes referred to as "all-purpose flour" by Indian chefs, it more closely resembles cake flour or even pure starch.
Because wheat was the most expensive grain to grow, and the process to sift it labor-intensive, white flour was generally limited to special occasions and the wealthy, until the mid-19th century. Then industrial processes eliminated the labor cost, allowing prices to fall until it was accessible to the middle class.
The extracted endosperm flour came to be known as “white flour” as this element of the wheat kernel is white. This system ingeniously accomplished the extraction of most of the starchy endosperm while separating out virtually all of the bran and germ elements, extracting about 72% of the whole grain kernel.
Oat flour is a whole-grain flour containing all three parts of the grain — the germ, endosperm and bran. Whole grains naturally contain vitamins and minerals, fiber and antioxidants.
Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe, [69] while rice flour is common in Asia. [70] A cereal grain consists of starchy endosperm, germ, and bran. Wholemeal flour contains all of these; white flour is without some or all of the germ or bran. [71] [72]