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  2. Laplacian matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian_matrix

    A vertex with a large degree, also called a heavy node, results in a large diagonal entry in the Laplacian matrix dominating the matrix properties. Normalization is aimed to make the influence of such vertices more equal to that of other vertices, by dividing the entries of the Laplacian matrix by the vertex degrees.

  3. Manifold regularization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold_regularization

    When the distances between input points are interpreted as a graph, then the Laplacian matrix of the graph can help to estimate the marginal distribution. Suppose that the input data include ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } labeled examples (pairs of an input x {\displaystyle x} and a label y {\displaystyle y} ) and u {\displaystyle u} unlabeled ...

  4. Degree matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_matrix

    In the mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains information about the degree of each vertex—that is, the number of edges attached to each vertex. [1]

  5. Discrete Laplace operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Laplace_operator

    In mathematics, the discrete Laplace operator is an analog of the continuous Laplace operator, defined so that it has meaning on a graph or a discrete grid.For the case of a finite-dimensional graph (having a finite number of edges and vertices), the discrete Laplace operator is more commonly called the Laplacian matrix.

  6. Calculus on finite weighted graphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_on_finite...

    Sometimes an extension of the domain of the edge weight function to is considered (with the resulting function still being called the edge weight function) by setting (,) = whenever (,). In applications each graph vertex x ∈ V {\displaystyle x\in V} usually represents a single entity in the given data, e.g., elements of a finite data set ...

  7. Spectral clustering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_clustering

    The goal of normalization is making the diagonal entries of the Laplacian matrix to be all unit, also scaling off-diagonal entries correspondingly. In a weighted graph, a vertex may have a large degree because of a small number of connected edges but with large weights just as well as due to a large number of connected edges with unit weights.

  8. Nine-point stencil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-point_stencil

    Both are isotropic forms of discrete Laplacian, [8] and in the limit of small Δx, they all become equivalent, [11] as Oono-Puri being described as the optimally isotropic form of discretization, [8] displaying reduced overall error, [2] and Patra-Karttunen having been systematically derived by imposing conditions of rotational invariance, [9 ...

  9. Graph theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory

    The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it, where a loop is counted twice. The degree of a graph is the maximum of the degrees of its vertices. In an undirected simple graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 and the maximum size of the graph is ⁠ n(n − 1) / 2 ⁠.