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A bid of 4NT "invites" opener to: bid 6NT with a maximum holding of 14 HCP (19 + 14 = 33 which is sufficient) pass with a minimum 12 HCP (20+ 12 = only 32) with partnership agreement, bid 5NT holding 13 HCP - asking partner to bid 6NT with 20 HCP and to pass holding 19 HCP. An opening bid of 2NT shows 20, 21 or 22 HCP.
Bid rigging is an illegal practice under the criminal or competition laws of most developed countries. Depending on the jurisdiction, it is punishable by fines, imprisonment or both. At a very basic level, there would likely be more competitive bidding if there were more firms present in a market, outside of a cartel, as evidence shows that ...
Joint bidding, [6] appearing in procurement tendering and auctions, is the practice of two or more similar firms submitting a single bid. Bidding consortia among potential competitors are the most common in public and private procurement and were used by some oil companies in U.S. auctions for offshore leases .
Suppose that a buyer has value v and bids b. His opponent bids according to the equilibrium bidding strategy. The support of the opponent's bid distribution is [0,B(1)]. Thus any bid of at least B(1) wins with probability 1. Therefore, the best bid b lies in the interval [0,B(1)] and so we can write this bid as b = B(x) where x lies in [0,1].
Fixing price at an auction or in any form of bidding including cover bidding, bid suppression, bid rotation and market allocation and other analogous practices of bid manipulation. Other anti-competitive agreements whose "object or effect of substantially preventing, restricting or lessening competition" are also prohibited but subject to "rule ...
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Opening bids of 3 of any suit are preemptive, showing a 7+ card suit and 6-10 points (mostly inside the bid suit). The meaning of 2 ♦, 2 ♥ and 2 ♠ varies. One common usage is that the bid shows a weak two bid, similar to a preemptive bid. Another is the strong two bid, which is natural and shows a very strong hand (too strong for a 1 ...
Another practical examples are the bidding fee auction and the penny raffle (pejoratively known as a "Chinese auction" [6]). Other forms of all-pay auctions exist, such as a war of attrition (also known as biological auctions [ 7 ] ), in which the highest bidder wins, but all (or more typically, both) bidders pay only the lower bid.