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A history of organized labor in Bolivia (Greenwood, 2005). Aspiazu, Agustín et al. A Collection of Pamphlets on the History of Bolivia in the Second Half of The Nineteenth Century (1900) online in Spanish; Crabtree, John, et al. The Great Tin Crash: Bolivia and the World Tin Market (1987) excerpt; Dangl, Benjamin.
After 1700, only small amounts of bullion were shipped from Upper Peru to Spain. In the mid-18th century, Spanish control over South America began to weaken. In the mid-18th century, Spanish control over South America began to weaken.
In 2011, approximately 250,000 Bolivian citizens resided in Spain. [13] Most Bolivians left their country of origin to Spain to escape poverty and political instability. In 2011, Bolivian nationals in Spain sent over US$1 billion in remittances to Bolivia. [13] In 2014, there were approximately 10,000 Spanish citizens residing in Bolivia. [14]
Having lost its entire coastal territory, Bolivia withdrew from the war, while the war between Chile and Peru continued for three more years. Bolivia officially ceded the coastal territory to Chile only twenty-four years later, under the 1904 Treaty of Peace and Friendship. [6] The War of the Pacific was a turning point in Bolivian history.
Columbus' discoveries began the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Spain's claim [42] to these lands was solidified by the Inter caetera papal bull dated 4 May 1493, and Dudum siquidem on 26 September 1493.
Indeed, the New World colonies only began to yield a substantial part of the Crown's revenues with the establishment of mines such as that of Potosí (Bolivia) and Zacatecas (Mexico) both started in 1546. By the late 16th century, silver from the Americas accounted for one-fifth of Spain's total budget. [5] Spanish empire in North America.
The artifacts discovered at the site provide a direct link to Spain's early efforts to colonize the northern Gulf Coast. [50] In 1565, Spain established a settlement in St. Augustine, Florida, lasting in one way or another until modern times.
Charcas (modern day Bolivia) is also sometimes referred to as the Upper Peru. [1] This region fell under the authority of Spanish colonial rule in the sixteenth century. It was originally placed directly under the rule of the Viceroyalty of Peru, however this location proved to be too distant for effective control so Phillip II established the Audiencia of Charcas, which was an autonomous ...