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Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were identified by ancient Babylonian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BC. [7] They were correctly identified as orbiting the Sun by Aristarchus of Samos , and later in Nicolaus Copernicus ' heliocentric system [ 8 ] ( De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , 1543)
Occultations of Mars by Venus were noted in 368, 375, and 405 CE. [6] The period and motion of the planet's orbit was known in detail during the Tang dynasty (618 CE). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby Luna 9 – First successful lunar lander Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first terrestrials to circle the Moon Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing
1665 – Cassini determines the rotational speeds of Jupiter, Mars, and Venus. [95] 1668 – Isaac Newton builds his own reflecting telescope, the first fully functional of this kind, and a landmark for future developings as it reduces spherical aberration with no chromatic aberration. [96] 1672 – Cassini discovers Saturn's moons Iapetus and ...
Originally meant to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first planetary flyby, passing Venus in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by Mariner 4 in 1965. Mariner 10 first passed Mercury in 1974.
The inner Solar System includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, ... [132] [133] As of 2024, one asteroid has been discovered to orbit completely within Venus's orbit, ...
It discovered that the atmosphere of Venus was 95% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and in combination with radio occultation data from the Mariner 5 probe, showed that surface pressures were far greater than expected (75 to 100 atmospheres).
In the same timescale, Mercury's eccentricity may grow even further, and a close encounter with Venus could theoretically eject it from the Solar System altogether [102] or send it on a collision course with Venus or Earth. [107] This could happen within a billion years, according to numerical simulations in which Mercury's orbit is perturbed ...