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Amino acids with the structure NH + 3 −CXY−CXY−CO − 2, such as β-alanine, a component of carnosine and a few other peptides, are β-amino acids. Ones with the structure NH + 3 −CXY−CXY−CXY−CO − 2 are γ-amino acids, and so on, where X and Y are two substituents (one of which is normally H). [7]
An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO 2 OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak.
[2]: 634 Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the acetyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group.
Lysine ball and stick model spinning. Lysine (symbol Lys or K) [2] is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.Lysine contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH + 3 form when the lysine is dissolved in water at physiological pH), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form when the lysine is dissolved in water at physiological pH ...
List of acids by Hammett acidity Name Hammett acidity Ref Trifluoroacetic acid-2.7 [1] Phosphoric acid-4.66 [2] Nitric acid-6.3 [3] Methanesulfonic acid-7.86 [2]
Chemical structure of the peptide bond (bottom) and the three-dimensional structure of a peptide bond between an alanine and an adjacent amino acid (top/inset). The bond itself is made of the CHON elements. Resonance structures of the peptide bond that links individual amino acids to form a protein polymer
Histidine ball and stick model spinning. Histidine (symbol His or H) [2] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH 3 + form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO − form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially ...
Electron-withdrawing substituents, such as -CF 3 group, give stronger acids (the pK a of acetic acid is 4.76 whereas trifluoroacetic acid, with a trifluoromethyl substituent, has a pK a of 0.23). Electron-donating substituents give weaker acids (the p K a of formic acid is 3.75 whereas acetic acid, with a methyl substituent , has a p K a of 4.76)