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When both temperature and pressure are held constant, and the number of ... In an ideal solution, the chemical potential of ... where R is the gas constant, ...
The ideal gas model has been explored in both the Newtonian dynamics (as in "kinetic theory") and in quantum mechanics (as a "gas in a box"). The ideal gas model has also been used to model the behavior of electrons in a metal (in the Drude model and the free electron model), and it is one of the most important models in statistical mechanics.
Chemical potential / Particle number; ... is the ideal, or universal, gas constant, ... which takes the same functional form as the ideal gas law says that the number ...
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant , expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance , rather than energy per temperature increment per particle .
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
where T = temperature, S = entropy, p = pressure, V = volume. N i is the number of particles of type i in the system and μ i is the chemical potential for an i-type particle.The set of all N i are also included as natural variables but may be ignored when no chemical reactions are occurring which cause them to change.
Average occupancy is shown versus energy relative to the system chemical potential , where is the system temperature, and is the Boltzmann constant. Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics is used to derive the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of an ideal gas.
Some constants, such as the ideal gas constant, R, do not describe the state of a system, and so are not properties. On the other hand, some constants, such as K f (the freezing point depression constant, or cryoscopic constant ), depend on the identity of a substance, and so may be considered to describe the state of a system, and therefore ...