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The underside of a waffle slab, showing the grid like structure. A waffle slab or two-way joist slab is a concrete slab made of reinforced concrete with concrete ribs running in two directions on its underside. [1] The name waffle comes from the grid pattern created by the reinforcing ribs.
Marcus's method is a structural analysis used in the design of reinforced concrete slabs.The method was developed by Henri Marcus and described in 1938 in Die Theorie elastischer Gewebe und ihre Anwendung auf die Berechnung biegsamer Platten. [1]
All voided biaxial slabs incorporate an array of rigid void formers which contain air within the voids. These void formers are most commonly made of plastic such as high-density polyethylene, and may use recycled materials. [7] The void formers are produced in a variety of shapes depending on the design of the slab.
A two-way slab has moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. [24] This may be implemented due to application requirements such as heavy loading, vibration resistance, clearance below the slab, or other factors. However, an important characteristic governing the requirement of a two-way slab is the ratio of the two horizontal lengths.
If this natural tendency to expand is restrained, the development of arching action enhances the strength of the slab. The term arching action is normally used to describe the arching phenomenon in one-way spanning slabs and compressive membrane action is normally used to describe the arching phenomenon in two-way spanning slabs.
The Wood–Armer method is a structural analysis method based on finite element analysis used to design the reinforcement for concrete slabs. [1] This method provides simple equations to design a concrete slab based on the output from a finite element analysis software.
Waffle slab foundations adhere to International Building Code requirements. By 2008, most states put into effect the changes adopted in the 2006 IBC and, in regards to foundations, the on-grade mat foundation has become a more attractive design because, as an engineered system, it already accommodates the 2008 design recommendations, and required no major modifications to bring it into compliance.
Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially prestressed during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service.