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Xenoestrogens are a type of xenohormone that imitates estrogen.They can be either synthetic or natural chemical compounds.Synthetic xenoestrogens include some widely used industrial compounds, such as PCBs, BPA, and phthalates, which have estrogenic effects on a living organism even though they differ chemically from the estrogenic substances produced internally by the endocrine system of any ...
Estradiol valerate/cyproterone acetate (EV/CPA), sold under the brand names Climen and Femilar among others, is a combination product of estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and cyproterone acetate (CPA), a progestogen, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and as a birth control pill to prevent pregnancy. [1] It is taken by mouth. [1]
Xenoestrogens are xenohormones that mimic the effects of natural estrogen. When present in the body, xenoestrogens can bind with estrogen receptors in the brain, leading to a disruption in the gonadal endocrine system. Xenoestrogen exposure during different developmental periods can have differing effects on the reproductive system.
Because they can mimic estrogen thus activating the receptor, they are considered harmful and potentially linked with breast cancer. [1] List of metalloestrogens include aluminium , antimony , arsenite , barium , cadmium , [ 2 ] chromium (Cr(II)), cobalt , copper , lead , mercury , nickel , selenite , tin and vanadate .
[9] [8] As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors. [8] [9] Estradiol acetate is of about 15% higher molecular weight than estradiol due to the presence of its C3 acetate ester. [3] Because estradiol acetate is a prodrug of estradiol, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen. [9] [10]
Availability of CPA in countries throughout the world (as of March 2018). Turquoise is combined with an estrogen at a low dose, dark blue is alone at a high dose, and light blue is both available. EE/CPA is available widely throughout the world, including in Europe, North America, South America, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and ...
"The primary treatment — and the first-line treatment — should be hormone (estrogen) therapy, especially for moderate-to-severe menopause symptoms," Dr. Anna Barbieri, assistant clinical ...
Phthalates (US: / ˈ θ æ l eɪ t s / UK: / ˈ θ ɑː l eɪ t s ˌ ˈ f θ æ l ɪ t s / [1] [2]), or phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid. They are mainly used as plasticizers , i.e., substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity.