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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. [1] Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder ( cystitis ) or urethra ( urethritis ) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney ( pyelonephritis ). [ 10 ]
Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. [1] It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out. [3]
It is a commonly treatable condition usually caused by infection with bacteria. [2] This bacterial infection is often sexually transmitted, but not in every instance; it can be idiopathic, for example. [3] Some incidence of urethritis can appear asymptomatic as well. [4]
Urinary bladder disease includes urinary bladder inflammation such as cystitis, bladder rupture and bladder obstruction (tamponade).Cystitis is common, sometimes referred to as urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria, bladder rupture occurs when the bladder is overfilled and not emptied while bladder tamponade is a result of blood clot formation near the bladder outlet.
The symptoms of urethritis can include pain or a burning sensation upon urination (), a white/cloudy discharge and a feeling that one needs to pass urine frequently.For men, the signs and symptoms are discharge from the penis, burning or pain when urinating, itching, irritation, or tenderness.
Bladder outlet obstruction is classified based on where along the urinary tract the obstruction occurs, including upper urinary tract obstruction and lower urinary tract obstruction. Depending on the location of the obstruction, one or both sides of the urinary tract will be involved.
Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection in a given year and half of all women have at least one infection at some point in their lives. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] There is an increased risk of asymptomatic or symptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy due to physiological changes that occur in a pregnant woman which promotes unwanted pathogen growth in ...
More specifically, in case of recurrent urinary tract infection, secondary infection can spread to adjacent intestine. [1] In addition to providing a scaffolding support for the tubular architecture, the interstitium has been shown to participate in the fluid and electrolyte exchange as well as endocrine functions of the kidney.