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Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete a task in an effective and efficient way. [1] [2] Teamwork is seen within the framework of a team, which is a group of interdependent individuals who work together towards a common goal. [3] [1]
The evaluation of how effective a team is, is achieved with the aid of a variety of components derived from research and theories that help in creating a description of the multifaceted nature of team effectiveness. According to Hackman (1987), [11] team effectiveness can be defined in terms of three criteria:
Team management involves teamwork, communication, objective setting and performance appraisals. Moreover, team management is the capability to identify problems and resolve conflicts within a team. Teams are a popular approach to many business challenges. They can produce innovative solutions to complex problems. [1]
Cooperative Strategy refers to a planning strategy [1] in which two or more firms work together in order to achieve a common objective. [2] Several companies apply cooperative strategies to increase their profits through cooperation with other companies that stop being competitors.
The Journal of Planning Education and Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of planning. The editors-in-chief are Clinton J. Andrews and Frank Popper. The journal was established in 1981 and is published by SAGE Publications in association with the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning.
The International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship highlights the point of groupthink being another challenge within team building. A group thinking or making decisions in a way that discourages creativity or individual control creates potential for increased conflict over decision making. [20]
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.
Community-engaged research is planned in partnership with the community that is the intended target of the research. [6] It requires the development of partnerships between researchers and the community, cooperation and negotiation between parties, collaboration, and a commitment to addressing local health concerns. [7]