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The following list sorts companies with the highest expenditures for research and development (R&D) for different years, mostly taken from the magazine Strategy+Business. 2022 top 20 [ edit ]
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country.
The emphasis on the power of lead firms in global industries (which gave rise to the analysis of “governance structures”) and the development emphasis of many GVC researchers (highlighting the economic, social and environmental upgrading trajectories of countries) produced a unique amalgam of research questions and analytical tools.
Global R&D management is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, i.e. across borders, in multi-cultural and multi-lingual settings, and cutting across multiple time zones. In addition, managing R&D organizations, and ensuring smooth transfer of new know-how and technology to other groups or departments involved in ...
A database of biomedical and life sciences literature with access to full-text research articles and citations. [56] Includes text-mining tools and links to external molecular and medical data sets. A partner in PMC International. [57] Free EMBL-EBI [58] FSTA – Food Science and Technology Abstracts: Food science, Food technology, Nutrition
By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
IPFSD has grown out of a long precedent of UN Member States calling for sustainable economic development, an understanding that investment is a critical aspect of sustainable development, and UNCTAD's three-and-a-half decades of experience in research and policy analysis. The UN Charter promotes, inter alia, the goal of economic and social ...
Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...