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Peter William Atkins FRSC (born 10 August 1940) is an English chemist and a Fellow of Lincoln College at the University of Oxford.He retired in 2007. He is a prolific writer of popular chemistry textbooks, including Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Molecular Quantum Mechanics.
In physical chemistry, the McConnell equation gives the probability of an unpaired electron in an in aromatic radical compound (such as benzene radical anion) being on a particular atom. It relates this probability, known as the "spin density", to its proportional dependence on the hyperfine splitting constant .
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In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant K b relates molality b to boiling point elevation. [1] It is the ratio of the latter to the former: = i is the van 't Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved.
In thermodynamics, the phase rule is a general principle governing multi-component, multi-phase systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.For a system without chemical reactions, it relates the number of freely varying intensive properties (F) to the number of components (C), the number of phases (P), and number of ways of performing work on the system (N): [1] [2] [3]: 123–125
The standard enthalpy of reaction (denoted ) for a chemical reaction is the difference between total product and total reactant molar enthalpies, calculated for substances in their standard states.
The vapor pressure affects the solute shown by Raoult's Law while the free energy change and chemical potential are shown by Gibbs free energy. Most solutes remain in the liquid phase and do not enter the gas phase, except at very high temperatures. In terms of vapor pressure, a liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure.
Congruent melting occurs during melting of a compound when the composition of the liquid that forms is the same as the composition of the solid. It can be contrasted with incongruent melting.