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In a mature flower, the perianth consists of a calyx (sepals) and the corolla it supports. A sepal (/ ˈ s ɛ p əl, ˈ s iː p əl /) [1] [2] [3] is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom. [4]
In the case that such a whorl is the androecium, the flowers are called male or staminate; while if the whorl present is the gynoecium, the flowers are called pistillate or female. There are some cases in which the flower does not present any of the reproductive whorls and only shows sepals and petals.
Each plant produces either functionally male flowers or functionally female flowers. In Ilex aquifolium (see the illustration), the common European holly, both kinds of flower have four sepals and four white petals; male flowers have four stamens, female flowers usually have four non-functional reduced stamens and a four-celled ovary. [9]
The calyx and the corolla together make up the perianth, the non-reproductive portion of a flower. When the petals and sepals of a flower are difficult to distinguish, they are collectively called tepals. Examples of plants in which the term tepal is appropriate include genera such as Aloe and Tulipa.
The flowers of Berberidopsis corallina do not differ in sepals and petals, but exhibit a gradual transition from small outer tepals to larger, brightly colored inner tepals. The androcecium consists of a ring of stamens and there are three carpels with parietal placentation .
In some species of plants, the flowers are imperfect or unisexual: having only either male (stamen) or female (carpel) parts. If unisexual male and female flowers appear on the same plant, the species is called monoecious. [27] However, if an individual plant is either female or male, the species is called dioecious.
The flowers are arranged either as a single male or female flower, with two or three female or two to six male flowers, or with a single female flower surrounded by two male flowers. Male flowers are on a slender pedicel 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) long, the sepals joined at the base and densely hairy, the sepal lobes egg-shaped, 3–5 mm (0.12 ...
In an epigynous flower, the stamens, petals, and sepals are attached to the hypanthium at the top of the ovary or, occasionally, the hypanthium may extend beyond the top of the ovary. Epigynous flowers are often referred to as having an inferior ovary. Plant families with epigynous flowers include orchids, asters, and evening primroses.