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In the UK, drivers using SVO/PPO have in the past been prosecuted for failure to pay duty to Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs. The rate of taxation on SVO was originally set at a reduced rate of 27.1p per litre, but in late 2005, HMRC started to enforce the full diesel excise rate of 47.2p per litre.
The blending target for biodiesel for the whole country is 5% or 3.96 million liters per day of B100. The initial intention was to increase by 10% or 8.50 million liters per day in 2012, but for the same reasons mentioned above, the 2011 target was revised and slashed to 3.02 million liters per day of B100.
Greenergy sells fuel to petrol stations and supermarkets for retail sale, and to transport companies in the UK. It does so in Ireland as Inver as of 2015. [7] The company produces and sells biofuel. It has a 250,000 tonne/300 million litre per year plant at Immingham on the east coast of England where biodiesel is made from rapeseed oil. [2] [8]
The major fuel usage is by conversion to biodiesel with about 3 billion US gallons (11,000,000 m 3) in 2009. [23] In 2004 the US consumed 530 billion litres (140 billion USgal) of gasoline and 150 billion litres (40 billion USgal) of diesel. [24] In biodiesel it says oil palm produces 5940 litres per hectare (635 USgal/acre) of palm oil each
Typically, wholesale electricity costs 2 to 5 cents/kWh during the day. [45] Commercial fuel synthesis companies suggest they can produce fuel for less than petroleum fuels when oil costs more than $55 per barrel. [46] The U.S. Navy estimates that shipboard production of jet fuel from nuclear power would cost about $6 per gallon.
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The so-called "third-generation biofuels", similar to second-generation biofuels with an emphasize on the use of algae and cyanobacteria as a source of biofuel feedstocks, have an additional advantage as they take up a relatively small fraction of space when compared to first and second-generation biofuel sources, and may also help to reduce seawater eutrophication.
Specific energy is energy per unit mass, which is used to describe the chemical energy content of a fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per kilogram (J/kg) or equivalent units. [1] Energy density is the amount of chemical energy per unit volume of the fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per litre (J/L) or equivalent units. [2]