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On heating, the di-ester undergoes thermal decarboxylation, yielding an acetic acid substituted by the appropriate R group. [1] Thus, the malonic ester can be thought of being equivalent to the − CH 2 COOH synthon. The esters chosen are usually the same as the base used, i.e. ethyl esters with sodium ethoxide.
The systematic IUPAC name is not always the preferred IUPAC name, for example, lactic acid is a common, and also the preferred, name for what systematic rules call 2-hydroxypropanoic acid. This list is ordered by the number of carbon atoms in a carboxylic acid.
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali.Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [1] [2] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis.
The conversion between hydroxyl value and other hydroxyl content measurements is obtained by multiplying the hydroxyl value by the factor 17/560. [2] The chemical substance may be a fat, oil, natural or synthetic ester, or other polyol. [3] ASTM D 1957 [4] and ASTM E222-10 [5] describe several versions of this method of determining hydroxyl value.
Acetyl halide, such as acetyl chloride in the presence of a base like triethylamine [2] Activated ester form of acetic acid, such as a N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, although this is not advisable due to higher costs and difficulties. [3] Acetic anhydride in the presence of base with a catalyst such as pyridine with a bit of DMAP added. [4]
Alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, or α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs), are a group of carboxylic acids featuring a hydroxy group located one carbon atom away from the acid group. This structural aspect distinguishes them from beta hydroxy acids , where the functional groups are separated by two carbon atoms. [ 1 ]
The natural esterification that takes place in wines and other alcoholic beverages during the aging process is an example of acid-catalysed esterification. Over time, the acidity of the acetic acid and tannins in an aging wine will catalytically protonate other organic acids (including acetic acid itself), encouraging ethanol to react as a ...
An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone.