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The word pepper derives from Old English pipor, Latin piper, and Greek: πέπερι. [6] The Greek likely derives from Dravidian pippali, meaning "long pepper". [7] Sanskrit pippali shares the same meaning. [6] In the 16th century, people began using pepper to also mean the New World chili pepper (genus Capsicum), which is not closely related ...
Chili peppers originated in Central or South America and were first cultivated in Mexico. European explorers brought chili peppers back to the Old World in the late 16th century as part of the Columbian Exchange , which led to the cultivation of multiple varieties across the world for food and traditional medicine.
The large, mild form is called bell pepper, or is named by color (green pepper, green bell pepper, red bell pepper, etc.) in North America and South Africa, sweet pepper. The name is simply pepper in the United Kingdom and Ireland. [11] The name capsicum is used in Australia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand. [12]
A red bell pepper supplies twice the vitamin C and eight times the vitamin A content of a green bell pepper. [12] The bell pepper is the only member of the genus Capsicum that does not produce capsaicin, a lipophilic chemical that can cause a strong burning sensation when it comes in contact with mucous membranes.
The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis, with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world, and is the source of popular spices such as cayenne, chili, pimentón and paprika powders, as well as pimiento (pimento). Capsinoid chemicals provide the distinctive tastes in C. annuum variants.
Peppers, the raw material in paprika production, originated from North America, where they grow in the wild in Mexico and have for centuries been cultivated by the peoples of Mexico and Central America. The peppers were later introduced to the Old World, to Spain in the 16th century, as part of the Columbian exchange. [11] [12]
The scientific species name C. chinense or C. sinensis ("Chinese capsicum") is a misnomer. All Capsicum species originated in the New World. [7] Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), a Dutch botanist, erroneously named the species in 1776, because he believed it originated in China due to their prevalence in Chinese cuisine; it however was later found to be introduced by earlier European ...
A medium pepper, green before ripening to a dark, red color. This variety is a landrace historically grown in the foothills of the Southern Rockies near Chimayó, New Mexico. The peppers are small and curled, and have a complex flavor described as sweet and smoky. [85] 4.5 inches (11 cm) New Mexican 4,000 ~ 6,000 Conquistador