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Schematic of D2Q9 lattice vectors for 2D Lattice Boltzmann. Unlike CFD methods that solve the conservation equations of macroscopic properties (i.e., mass, momentum, and energy) numerically, LBM models the fluid consisting of fictive particles, and such particles perform consecutive propagation and collision processes over a discrete lattice.
A simulation of a physical wind tunnel airplane model. In fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling is the construction and use of a mathematical model to predict the effects of turbulence.
The exact k-ε equations contain many unknown and unmeasurable terms. For a much more practical approach, the standard k-ε turbulence model (Launder and Spalding, 1974 [3]) is used which is based on our best understanding of the relevant processes, thus minimizing unknowns and presenting a set of equations which can be applied to a large number of turbulent applications.
The finite volume method (FVM) is a method for representing and evaluating partial differential equations in the form of algebraic equations. [1] In the finite volume method, volume integrals in a partial differential equation that contain a divergence term are converted to surface integrals, using the divergence theorem.
Phase-field models are usually constructed in order to reproduce a given interfacial dynamics. For instance, in solidification problems the front dynamics is given by a diffusion equation for either concentration or temperature in the bulk and some boundary conditions at the interface (a local equilibrium condition and a conservation law), [14] which constitutes the sharp interface model.
The next step was the Euler equations, which promised to provide more accurate solutions of transonic flows. The methodology used by Jameson in his three-dimensional FLO57 code [ 31 ] (1981) was used by others to produce such programs as Lockheed's TEAM program [ 32 ] and IAI/Analytical Methods' MGAERO program. [ 33 ]
Ansys, Inc. is an American multinational company with its headquarters based in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. It develops and markets CAE / multiphysics engineering simulation software for product design, testing and operation and offers its products and services to customers worldwide.
The various branches of the DEM family are the distinct element method proposed by Peter A. Cundall and Otto D. L. Strack in 1979, [5] the generalized discrete element method, [6] the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) and the finite-discrete element method concurrently developed by several groups (e.g., Munjiza and Owen).