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The hardness of synthetic diamond (70–150 GPa) is very dependent on the relative purity of the crystal itself. The more perfect the crystal structure, the harder the diamond becomes. It has been reported that HPHT single crystals and nanocrystalline diamond aggregates (aggregated diamond nanorods) can be harder than natural diamond. [25]
Its diamond structure can be considered to be made up of interlocking rings of six carbon atoms, in the chair conformation. In lonsdaleite, some rings are in the boat conformation instead. At nanoscale dimensions, cubic diamond is represented by diamondoids while hexagonal diamond is represented by wurtzoids .
A currently hypothetical material, beta carbon nitride (β-C 3 N 4), may also be as hard or harder in one form. It has been shown that some diamond aggregates having nanometer grain size are harder and tougher than conventional large diamond crystals, thus they perform better as abrasive material.
A <111> surface (normal to the largest diagonal of a cube) of pure diamond has a hardness value of 167±6 GPa when scratched with a nanodiamond tip, while the nanodiamond sample itself has a value of 310 GPa when tested with a nanodiamond tip. However, the test only works properly with a tip made of harder material than the sample being tested ...
Diamond nanoparticles have the potential to be used in myriad biological applications and due to their unique properties such as inertness and hardness, nanodiamonds may prove to be a better alternative to the traditional nanomaterials currently utilized to carry drugs, coat implantable materials, and synthesize biosensors and biomedical robots ...
A carbon nanothread (also called diamond nanothread) is a sp 3-bonded, one-dimensional carbon crystalline nanomaterial. The tetrahedral sp 3-bonding of its carbon is similar to that of diamond. Nanothreads are only a few atoms across, more than 300,000 times thinner than a human hair. They consist of a stiff, strong carbon core surrounded by ...
A material 400 times harder than diamond, the 12th Doctor spends 4.5 billion years in a confession dial in the episode "Heaven Sent", continually dying and being recreated, taking the aforementioned 4.5 billion years to make it out of the confession dial by punching through an Azbantium wall. Bavarium: Just Cause 3
The term nanoporous materials contain subsets of microporous and mesoporous materials. Microporous materials are porous materials with a mean pore size smaller than 2 nm, while mesoporous materials are those with pores sizes in the region 2–50 nm. [23] Microporous materials exhibit pore sizes with comparable length-scale to small molecules.