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Pelagibacter ubique is one of the smallest known free-living bacteria, with a length of 370 to 890 nm (0.00037 to 0.00089 mm) and an average cell diameter of 120 to 200 nm (0.00012 to 0.00020 mm). They also have the smallest free-living bacterium genome: 1.3 Mbp , 1354 protein genes, 35 RNA genes.
The smallest known mitochondrial genome is that of Plasmodium falciparum, with a genome size of 6kb containing three protein-coding genes and a few rRNA genes. (On the other hand, the largest known mitochondrial genome is 490kb. [18]) Genomes nearly as small can be found in related apicomplexans as well. [19]
At the time of its sequencing, C. ruddii was thought to have the smallest genome of any characterized bacterial species. [8] Nasuia deltocephalinicola is now considered to have the known smallest bacterial genome (112kb). [9] C. ruddii and related species appear to be actively undergoing gene loss. [10]
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The smallest known contractile vacuoles belong to Chlamydomonas, with a diameter of 1.5 μm. In Paramecium, which has one of the most complex contractile vacuoles, the vacuole is surrounded by several canals, which absorb water by osmosis from the cytoplasm. After the canals fill with water, the water is pumped into the vacuole.
Contact inhibition is a regulatory mechanism that functions to keep cells growing into a layer one cell thick (a monolayer). If a cell has plenty of available substrate space, it replicates rapidly and moves freely. This process continues until the cells occupy the entire substratum. At this point, normal cells will stop replicating.
A nanobe (/ ˈ n æ n oʊ b, ˈ n eɪ n oʊ b /) [1] is a tiny filamental structure first found in some rocks and sediments.Some scientists hypothesize that nanobes are the smallest form of life, 1 / 10 the size of the smallest known bacteria.
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