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1885 – First vaccine for rabies by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux [5] [6] 1890 – First vaccine for tetanus (serum antitoxin) by Emil von Behring [ 7 ] 1896 – First vaccine for typhoid fever by Almroth Edward Wright , Richard Pfeiffer , and Wilhelm Kolle [ 8 ]
Dr Edward Jenner performing his first vaccination on James Phipps, a boy of age 8. 14 May 1796. Painting by Ernest Board (early 20th century). In the early empirical days of vaccination, before Louis Pasteur's work on establishing the germ theory and Joseph Lister's on antisepsis and asepsis, there was considerable cross-infection.
Louis Pasteur ForMemRS (/ ˈ l uː i p æ ˈ s t ɜːr /, French: [lwi pastœʁ] ⓘ; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
1870 – Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease. 1878 – Ellis Reynolds Shipp graduates from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah. 1879 – First vaccine for cholera. 1881 – Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine. 1882 – Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine.
Louis Pasteur furthered the concept through his work in microbiology. The immunization was called vaccination because it was derived from a virus affecting cows (Latin: vacca 'cow'). [13] [15] Smallpox was a contagious and deadly disease, causing the deaths of 20–60% of infected adults and over 80% of infected children. [16]
In 1881, to honor Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed. [17] The science of vaccine development and production is termed vaccinology. Infectious diseases before and after a vaccine was introduced.
Most modern writers tend to refer to smallpox inoculation as variolation throughout without regard for chronology, as is used here. Further confusion was caused when, in 1891, Louis Pasteur honoured Jenner by widening the terms vaccine/vaccination to refer to the artificial induction of immunity against any infectious disease.
1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) 1880 – 81 Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur)
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