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The normal physiological blood flow is antegrade, flowing from the periphery towards the heart, so evidence of an opposite, retrograde flow might indicate a pathology. The presence of a reflux is likewise of note; a reflux, when not isolated in a vein (as simply retrograde), means that the blood flow is bi-directional where once the flow had ...
Since blood flow is important for wound healing, TCOM is often used to gauge the ability of tissue to effectively heal. [1] To perform the test, one set of electrodes are placed on viable tissue (e.g. the chest) as a control and a second set is placed around the tissue in question (e.g. legs or feet). The electrodes may mildly heat the skin to ...
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
In "antegrade" flow, the blood flows according to the normal flow within the circulatory system (e.g. veins flow towards the heart while arteries flows away from the heart). In "retrograde" flow, the flow would reverse (e.g. veins flow away from heart or arteries flow towards the heart). However, "retrograde" flow can be both abnormal or normal.
In normal patients, the feet quickly turn pink. If, more slowly, they turn red like a cooked lobster, suspect ischemia. Brodie-Trendelenburg test (assessment of valvular competence if varicose veins are present): One leg at a time. With the patient supine, empty the superficial veins by 'milking' the leg in the distal to proximal direction.
Functional ischemia occurs when the blood flow is normal at rest but insufficient during exercise, presenting clinically as intermittent claudication. Critical ischemia is produced when the reduction in blood flow results in a perfusion deficit at rest and is defined by the presence of pain at rest or trophic lesions in the legs.
A study of healthy young men who normally take over 10,000 steps per day, but were restricted to less than 5,000 steps per day for five days showed impaired FMD in the popliteal (leg) artery, but not the brachial (arm) artery. [19] The reduction of leg FMD caused by prolonged sitting can be reduced by fidgeting (periodic leg movement). [20]
Coronal plane, seen from medial side of lower leg, showing thrombosis of the fibular veins, with hyperechoic content and only marginal blood flow. Ultrasonography in suspected deep vein thrombosis focuses primarily on the femoral vein and the popliteal vein , because thrombi in these veins are associated with the greatest risk of harmful ...