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A large vacuum chamber. A small vacuum chamber for studio or lab use in de-airing materials such as mold rubbers and resins. Vacuum chamber for testing leaks in packaging. A vacuum chamber is a rigid enclosure from which air and other gases are removed by a vacuum pump. This results in a low-pressure environment within the chamber, commonly ...
Bell jars have a limited ability to create strong vacuums; vacuum chambers are available when higher performance is needed. They have been used to demonstrate the effect of vacuum on sound propagation. In addition to their scientific applications, bell jars may also serve as display cases or transparent dust covers.
Although aluminum also oxidizes quickly, the thin aluminum oxide (sapphire) layer is transparent, and so the high-reflectivity underlying aluminum stays visible. In modern aluminum silvering, a sheet of glass is placed in a vacuum chamber with electrically heated nichrome coils that can evaporate aluminum. In a vacuum, the hot aluminum atoms ...
A better choice for vacuum systems is the tin-silver eutectic, Sn95Ag5 (Sn-Ag eutectic is actually 96.5-3.5); its melting point of 230 °C (446 °F) allows bakeout up to 200 °C (392 °F). A similar 95-5 alloy, Sn95Sb5, is unsuitable as antimony has similar vapor pressure as lead. Take care to remove flux residues.
The current impediment to large-scale IGZO manufacturing is the synthesis method. The most widely used technique for transparent conducting oxide (TCO) synthesis is pulsed laser deposition (PLD). [16] In PLD, a laser is used to focus on nano-sized spots on solid elemental targets. Laser pulse frequencies are varied between the targets in ratios ...
Fermilab's disused 15-foot (4.57 m) bubble chamber The first tracks observed in John Wood's 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) liquid hydrogen bubble chamber, in 1954.. A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it.