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The fact that the Pauli matrices, along with the identity matrix I, form an orthogonal basis for the Hilbert space of all 2 × 2 complex matrices , over , means that we can express any 2 × 2 complex matrix M as = + where c is a complex number, and a is a 3-component, complex vector.
The Fierz identities are also sometimes called the Fierz–Pauli–Kofink identities, as Pauli and Kofink described a general mechanism for producing such identities. There is a version of the Fierz identities for Dirac spinors and there is another version for Weyl spinors. And there are versions for other dimensions besides 3+1 dimensions.
The center of SU(n) is isomorphic to the cyclic group /, and is composed of the diagonal matrices ζ I for ζ an n th root of unity and I the n × n identity matrix. Its outer automorphism group for n ≥ 3 is Z / 2 Z , {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /2\mathbb {Z} ,} while the outer automorphism group of SU(2) is the trivial group .
The collection of matrices defined above without the identity matrix are called the generalized Gell-Mann matrices, in dimension . [2] [3] The symbol ⊕ (utilized in the Cartan subalgebra above) means matrix direct sum. The generalized Gell-Mann matrices are Hermitian and traceless by
The Möbius–Kantor graph, the Cayley graph of the Pauli group with generators X, Y, and Z In physics and mathematics , the Pauli group G 1 {\displaystyle G_{1}} on 1 qubit is the 16-element matrix group consisting of the 2 × 2 identity matrix I {\displaystyle I} and all of the Pauli matrices
As Pauli matrices are related to the generator of rotations, these rotation operators can be written as matrix exponentials with Pauli matrices in the argument. Any 2 × 2 {\displaystyle 2\times 2} unitary matrix in SU(2) can be written as a product (i.e. series circuit) of three rotation gates or less.
In mathematical physics, a Grassmann number, named after Hermann Grassmann (also called an anticommuting number or supernumber), is an element of the exterior algebra of a complex vector space. [1] The special case of a 1-dimensional algebra is known as a dual number .
Since the eight matrices and the identity are a complete trace-orthogonal set spanning all 3×3 matrices, it is straightforward to find two Fierz completeness relations, (Li & Cheng, 4.134), analogous to that satisfied by the Pauli matrices. Namely, using the dot to sum over the eight matrices and using Greek indices for their row/column ...